激励相容理论视角下生态公益林补偿对农户的增收效应——以福建三明为例

基于福建三明499户农户的实地调查数据,用倾向得分匹配法测算了生态公益林现金直接补偿和岗位性补偿对农户的增收效应,结果表明：现金直接补偿和岗位性补偿对生态保护和农户增收都是正效应。现金直接补偿对农户增收效应不显著,而岗位性补偿对农户家庭总收入和家庭人均收入的净效应分别达55.4%和57%。进一步研究发现,两种补偿方式对贫困户和非贫困户的增收效应也不尽相同,其中现金直接补偿不利于贫困户增收,而岗位性补偿对不同收入的农户都具有正向显著增收效应。此外,从生态公益林的根本使命出发,可以发现现金直接补偿和岗位性补偿对生态保护的净效应也存在较大差异。故此,科学规划生态补偿方式和补偿标准是实现生态保护和农户增收双重效应的根源所在。     

粤港澳大湾区NO2污染的时空特征及影响因素分析

利用Aura卫星搭载的臭氧观测仪（OMI）反演的对流层NO₂柱密度数据,分析了自2005年以来粤港澳大湾区（GBA）对流层NO₂柱密度的空间分布特征、时间变化趋势及其影响因素.研究结果表明GBA对流层NO₂柱密度从2005~2018年呈减少的趋势,每年递减约为2.8%.小波系数显示时间演化过程中存在9个月的主振荡周期,冬季浓度较高,夏季较低.人为排放和各种自然因素,导致了GBA对流层NO₂柱浓度月变化在时间和空间上存在明显差异,最小值和最大值分别出现在6和12月,多年平均值分别为3.9665×10¹⁵和12.3423×10¹⁵molec/cm².NO₂在空间分布上呈现明显的空间分异特征,冬季12月最明显.NO₂污染严重的高值区主要出现在中部地区,如广州市、佛山市和中山市,最大的对流层NO₂柱密度可达18.8306×10¹⁵molec/cm²,大约是周边地区的3 倍,且高污染区域向四周逐渐扩散,连成一片.低值区主要在北部的肇庆市和东部的惠州市,多年平均的对流层NO₂柱密度约为7.1400×10¹⁵molec/cm².对流层NO₂柱密度的增长率在不同区域的变化趋势呈现明显的差异,变化范围为-15×10¹⁵~6×10¹⁵molec/cm²,增长率百分比范围为-65%~65%.出现增长的地区主要是肇庆市北部和惠州市东部的低值区;对流层NO₂出现明显减少的区域集中在中部的高值区,减少量最大的地区为广州市、佛山市和中山市交界处.     

滆湖水华初期浮游植物群落特征及与水环境因子相关性分析

为探究滆湖水华初期浮游植物群落特征及与水环境因子的相关性,于2018年5—7月在全湖布设22个点,调查研究滆湖水华初期浮游植物群落时空分布特征,并对引起水华主导环境因子进行分析.结果表明：①共获得7门119属,优势属为绿藻门的小球藻与球团藻、蓝藻门的鞘丝藻与微囊藻,其中湖心区域浮游植物丰度与多样性小,均匀性低,属于中偏重污染区域;湖北区以北属于中污染区域,蓝藻堆积严重;西部沿岸及南端区域属于中偏轻污染区域.②冗余分析得出,湖心藻类与水温（T）有强相关性,与叶绿素a（Chl-a）、溶解性总磷（DTP）、pH、溶解氧（DO）呈一定正相关性;湖北区以北藻类与底泥有机质（OM）、水体悬浮物（SS）、Chl-a及DTP呈强相关性,与T呈一定相关性.T与多项环境因子相关,均值从26.1℃上升到32.4℃;OM与有机磷（OP）呈高度相关性（p<0.05,r=0.892）.水华发生的主导环境因子为T、DTP与pH,底泥OM及OP有一定影响.     

南京市饮用水源地抗生素污染特征及风险评估

采用固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱技术（SPE-HPLC-MS/MS）,对南京市饮用水源地抗生素含量及分布特征进行了分析.结果表明,17个采样点总浓度为0.56~1994.96 ng·L^-1,共检出5种大环内酯类、13种磺胺类、3种四环素类、8种喹诺酮类抗生素,平均浓度为0.30~37.07 ng·L^-1,其中检出浓度最高的抗生素为环丙沙星（CIP）,浓度为317.60 ng·L^-1,检出率最高的抗生素为克林霉素（CLI）,检出率为88.24%.与国内部分河流相比,南京市饮用水源地水体中大环内酯类、四环素类、喹诺酮类抗生素残留浓度处于较高水平.生态风险评估结果表明,点位S7具有最高的联合风险熵值（24.58）,氧氟沙星（OFX）的风险熵值最高,达到13.06;健康风险评估结果表明,9种抗生素对人体健康的风险熵Q_H为1.70×10^-3~9.47,强力霉素（DOX）、诺氟沙星（NOR）、恩诺沙星（ERX）、CIP和OFX对大部分年龄段的人体健康具有高水平风险.     

滇黔桂岩溶区河漫滩土壤重金属含量、来源及潜在生态风险

利用全国地球化学基准计划在滇黔桂岩溶区35个点位采集的70件河漫滩表、深层土壤样品,分析了As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn 8种重金属元素含量特征,探究了重金属来源、污染状况及潜在生态风险.结果表明,8种重金属元素含量大部分均高于全国土壤背景值,在滇东南地区含量最高,桂西北地区最低.表层土壤Cd、Hg明显富集,As、Cr、Cu、Ni与深层土壤含量相当;As、Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn在农田、菜地中明显高于深层土壤,Cr、Cu和Ni在各类土地中与深层土壤相当.因子分析结果显示,表层土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni受地质背景控制,As、Pb、Zn既与地质背景有关,也受人为活动影响,Hg受人为活动影响较严重;深层土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Cr、Zn继承了区域母岩特征,As、Hg和Pb受地质背景和人为活动双重影响.地累积指数法和富集因子法污染评价结果表明,研究区河漫滩表层土壤中Cd、Hg污染较重,As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn大部分为轻度污染或无污染.各重金属潜在生态风险指数高低顺序依次为Hg > Cd > As > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cr > Zn,Cd和Hg的生态风险指数之和占综合指数的82.43%,生态风险最高;滇东南地区重金属潜在风险综合指数最高,具重度生态风险.     

2018年春节期间京津冀地区污染过程分析

为了解2018年春节期间京津冀地区空气污染情况,利用近地面污染物浓度数据、激光雷达组网观测数据,结合WRF气象要素、颗粒物输送通量和HYSPLIT气团轨迹综合分析污染过程.结果表明,春节期间出现3次污染过程.春节前一次污染过程,各站点PM_2.5浓度均未超过200μg/m³;除夕夜,廊坊站点PM_2.5峰值浓度达到504μg/m³,是清洁天气的26倍;年初二~初五,各站点PM_2.5始终高于120μg/m³,且污染主要聚集在500m高度以下,北京地区存在高空传输,800m处最大输送通量达939μg/（m³·s）,此次重污染过程为一次典型的区域累积和传输过程.京津冀地区处于严格管控状态时,燃放烟花爆竹期间PM_2.5峰值浓度可达无燃放时PM_2.5峰值的3.2倍.为防止春节期间重污染现象的发生,需对静稳天气下燃放烟花炮竹采取预防对策.     

Density functional theory (DFT) studies of vanadium-titanium based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts

Based on density functional theory (DFT) and basic structure models, the chemical reactions on the surface of vanadium-titanium based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) denitrification catalysts were summarized. Reasonable structural models (non-periodic and periodic structural models) are the basis of density functional calculations. A periodic structure model was more appropriate to represent the catalyst surface, and its theoretical calculation results were more comparable with the experimental results than a non-periodic model. It is generally believed that the SCR mechanism where NH₃ and NO react to produce N₂ and H₂O follows an Eley-Rideal type mechanism. NH₂NO was found to be an important intermediate in the SCR reaction, with multiple production routes. Simultaneously, the effects of H₂O, SO₂ and metal on SCR catalysts were also summarized.     

Recent advances in catalytic decomposition of ozone

Ozone (O₃), as a harmful air pollutant, has been of wide concern. Safe, efficient, and economical O₃ removal methods urgently need to be developed. Catalytic decomposition is the most promising method for O₃ removal, especially at room temperature or even subzero temperatures. Great efforts have been made to develop high-efficiency catalysts for O₃ decomposition that can operate at low temperatures, high space velocity and high humidity. First, this review describes the general reaction mechanism of O₃ decomposition on noble metal and transition metal oxide catalysts. Then, progress on the O₃ decomposition performance of various catalysts in the past 30 years is summarized in detail. The main focus is the O₃ decomposition performance of manganese oxides, which are divided into supported manganese oxides and non-supported manganese oxides. Methods to improve the activity, stability, and humidity resistance of manganese oxide catalysts for O₃ decomposition are also summarized. The deactivation mechanisms of manganese oxides under dry and humid conditions are discussed. The O₃ decomposition performance of monolithic catalysts is also summarized from the perspective of industrial applications. Finally, the future development directions and prospects of O₃ catalytic decomposition technology are put forward.     

基于边介数的省域生态廊道构建方法优化

我国城市建设和生态保护工作均对土地资源有大量需求,二者之间的矛盾在经济优先发展区表现尤为明显.为了有效地改善生态环境,管控土地利用并引导其变化发展,需要建设具备不可替代特征的省域生态廊道.最小累积阻力模型（minimum cumulative resistance,MCR）是识别生态廊道最常用、有效的模型,但在应用于省域尺度时,MCR模型识别的潜在廊道路由存在冗余的问题.因此,通过引入网络科学中的边介数指数（edge-betweenness）对MCR模型进行优化,计算潜在廊道路由的边介数指数值,选取出其中最为重要和简明的结构来连通生态源地,即提取潜在路由中的骨干路由（backbone route）和关键战略点（key strategic point）作为不可替代的结构来指导省域生态廊道建设.将优化后的MCR模型应用于广东省,构建了全长5 493 km的省域生态廊道,其中包含生态源地20处,关键战略点11个,骨干生态廊道29条.骨干路由与关键战略点构成的不可替代省域生态廊道（irreplaceable provincial corridor）能够实现"廊道数量和占地面积最少、连通性基本不变"的目标.研究显示,边介数能够对潜在路由进行优化筛选,识别出维护省域生态安全的关键结构;不可替代生态廊道能够指导省域生态规划和土地空间的发展利用,并为更高水平的生态安全环境提供了演进的基础;同时也为土地资源紧张的地区提供了建设生态廊道的参考与依据.      

Chemical characteristics of road dust PM2.5 fraction in oasis cities at the margin of Tarim Basin

In order to understand the compositions characteristics of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) fraction in road dust (RD_2.5) of oasis cities on the edge of Tarim Basin, 30 road dust (RD) samples were collected in Kashi, Cele, and Yutian in the spring, 2018, and RD_2.5 was collected using the resuspension approach. Eight water-soluble ions, 39 trace elements and 8 fractions of carbon-containing species in PM_2.5 were analyzed. Ca²⁺ and Ca were the most abundant ions and elements in RD_2.5 (7.1% and 9.5%). Cl^- in RD_2.5 was affected not only by attributed to saline-alkali soils in oasis cities of the Tarim Basin and dust from Taklimakan Desert but also by human activities. Moreover, the organic carbon/elemental carbon (OC/EC) ratio indicated that carbon components in RD_2.5 in Cele town mainly come from fossil fuel combustion, while those in Yutian and Kashi mainly come from biomass combustion. It is noteworthy that high Ca in RD_2.5 was seriously affected by anthropogenic emissions, and high Na and K contents in RD_2.5 could be derived from soil and desert dust. It was estimated that Cd, Tl, Sn and Cr were emitted from anthropogenic emissions using the enrichment factor. The coefficients of divergence (COD) result indicated that the influence of local emission on road dust emission is greater than that of long-distance transmission. This study is the first time to comprehensively analyze the chemical characteristics of road dust in oasis cities, and the results provides the sources of road dust at the margin of Tarim Basin.